Vitamin d
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble compound essential for calcium metabolism in animals and therefore important for normal mineralization of bone and cartilage. The skin forms vitamin D when exposed to sunlight, but in some circumstances sunlight may lack sufficient amounts of ultraviolet rays to bring about adequate production of the vitamin.
Deficiencies cause many biochemical and physiological imbalances. If uncorrected, faulty mineralization of bones and teeth causes rickets in growing children and osteomalacia (progressive loss of calcium and phosphorus from the bones) in adults. Common early symptoms of rickets include restlessness, profuse sweating, lack of muscle tone in the limbs and abdomen, and delay in learning to sit, crawl, and walk. Rickets may produce such conditions as bowlegs and knock-knees. Deficiency may also cause osteoporosis, a bone condition characterized by an increased tendency of the bones to fracture. Large doses of vitamin D are toxic, and symptoms include weakness, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, excessive thirst, and weight lossVitamin D
Food sources
There are only a few foods which contain vitamin D. These include oily fish, fish oils, butter and eggs. Some foods, like margarine, evaporated milk and breakfast cereals are fortified with vitamin D.Unlike other vitamins, we can actually make vitamin D in our bodies as a result of exposure to sunlight, providing the necessary starting materials are there. Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin that can be stored in the body. This means that our bodies can use these stores if levels are not topped up every day. Vitamin D is vital for general wellbeing and, in particular, for healthy bones and teeth.Deficiency
A deficiency of vitamin D in children can lead to rickets. This means that the bones are not formed correctly because the lack of vitamin D does not allow enough calcium to be absorbed.Adults who are deficient in vitamin D may suffer from osteomalacia (thinning of the bones). A lack of vitamin D may also prevent adequate adsorption of calcium and contribute to Osteoporosis.Vitamin D and lifestyle
There may be a shortage of vitamin D, especially in northern countries such as Great Britain, among adults who do not get outdoors regularly or whose skin is not exposed to sunlight because of cultural dress restrictions.Vitamin D is important throughout life. Since it is necessary for calcium absorption, supplements are available for children under five and for pregnant and breastfeeding women. These supplements are free of charge for those in need. As we get older, our bodies are not able to absorb vitamin D or make it in the skin so efficiently. Recent research indicates that older people with a good regular supply of vitamin D and calcium may be less likely to suffer fractures due to brittle or thinning bones. Older people should therefore try to eat more foods rich in vitamin D.
Vitamins are essential for life. They cannot be made in the body and therefore should come from food. Vitamins do not provide the body with energy – they only help the body release energy from food that is eaten. Vitamin supplements are indicated in some cases only. Excess intakes of fat - soluble vitamins are not recommended. A healthy varied diet will usually supply the body with all the vitamins needed.
In the body, proteins, carbohydrates, and fats combine with other substances to yield energy and build tissues. These chemical reactions are catalyzed, or accelerated, by enzymes produced from specific multi vitamins, and they take place in specific parts of the body.
one a day vitamins needed by humans are divided into two categories: water-soluble vitamins (the B vitamins and vitamin C) and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K). The water-soluble multi vitamins are absorbed by the intestine and carried by the circulatory system to the specific tissues where they will be put into use. The B vitamins act as coenzymes, compounds that unite with a protein component called an apoenzyme to form an active enzyme. The enzyme then acts as a catalyst in the chemical reactions that transfer energy from the basic food elements to the body. It is not known whether vitamin C acts as a coenzyme.
When a person takes in more water-soluble vitamins than are needed, small amounts are stored in body tissue, but most of the excess is excreted in urine. Because water-soluble vitamins are not stored in the body in appreciable amounts, a daily supply is essential to prevent depletion.
Fat-soluble vitamins seem to have highly specialized functions. The intestine absorbs fat-soluble vitamins, and the lymph system carries these vitamins to the different parts of the body. Fat-soluble vitamins are involved in maintaining the structure of cell membranes. It is also believed that fat-soluble vitamins are responsible for the synthesis of certain enzymes.
The body can store larger amounts of fat-soluble vitamins than of water-soluble vitamins. The liver provides the chief storage tissue for vitamins A and D, while vitamin E is stored in body fat and to a lesser extent in reproductive organs. Relatively little vitamin K is stored. Excessive intake of fat-soluble vitamins, particularly vitamins A and D, can lead to toxic levels in the body.
Many multi vitamins work together to regulate several processes within the body. A lack of vitamins or a diet that does not provide adequate amounts of certain vitamins can upset the body's internal balance or block one or more metabolic reactions.
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